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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rekombination (evolutionärer Algorithmus)</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Als <b>Rekombination</b> oder <b>Crossover</b> wird bei <a href="Evolution%C3%A4rer_Algorithmus" title="Evolutionärer Algorithmus">evolutionären Algorithmen</a> die Erzeugung eines neuen <a href="Genom_(evolution%C3%A4rer_Algorithmus)" title="Genom (evolutionärer Algorithmus)">Genoms</a> (auch als Filialgenom bezeichnet) aus (in der Regel) zwei Elterngenomen (Parentalgenomen) bezeichnet. Eine Funktion, die eine zulässige Menge von Parentalgenomen auf eine Menge von Filialgenomen abbildet, heißt Rekombinationsfunktion. Eine Rekombinationsfunktion ist ein <a href="Genetischer_Operator" title="Genetischer Operator">genetischer Operator</a>.
</p><p>In der Literatur ist neben der Rekombination auch häufig von <i>Crossover</i> die Rede und beide Begriffe werden meist synonym verwendet.
</p><p>Ziel der Rekombination ist es, gute Eigenschaften zweier verschiedener Eltern auf ein Kind zu übertragen. Im Vergleich zu Algorithmen, die nur die <a href="Mutation_(evolution%C3%A4rer_Algorithmus)" title="Mutation (evolutionärer Algorithmus)">Mutation</a> zur Veränderung der Genome benutzen, können so möglicherweise schneller Individuen gefunden werden, die zwei gute Eigenschaften A und B in sich tragen, wenn es vorher nur Individuen gab, die entweder nur über A oder B verfügten. Generell gilt, dass die Erzeugung von Elternklonen aus Effizienzgründen zu vermeiden ist.
</p><p>Gute Rekombinationsfunktionen zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass sie zumindest die guten Eigenschaften der Eltern erhalten und nicht so rekombinieren, dass diese Eigenschaften zerstört werden.
</p><p>Für verschiedene Genom- und Problemtypen eignen sich verschiedene Rekombinationstypen unterschiedlich gut. Die nachstehende Liste von Operatoren ist keineswegs vollständig und dient vor allem der beispielhaften Veranschaulichung dieses genetischen Operatortyps. Weitere Operatoren und weitere Einzelheiten sind in der Literatur zu finden.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1.1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4.1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4.2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5.1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rekombination_von_binären_Zahlen_(Bitstrings)"><span id="Rekombination_von_bin.C3.A4ren_Zahlen_.28Bitstrings.29"></span>Rekombination von binären Zahlen (Bitstrings)</h2></div>
<p>Bei der Rekombination binärer Zahlen werden die Parentalgenome an einer oder mehreren Stellen unterteilt und das Filialgenom aus diesen Teilen von beiden Eltern zusammengesetzt.
</p><p>Zu den schon frühzeitig verwendeten Rekombinationsoperatoren gehören das <i>1-Punkt-</i> und das <i>n-Punkt-Crossover</i>. Bei beiden Operatoren werden Crossoverpunkte zufällig innerhalb des Genoms eines Elters bestimmt, die dann für beide Parentalgenome gelten.
Das n-Punkt-Crossover beginnt mit der zufälligen Bestimmung der Anzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> der Crossoverpunkte, deren Anzahl kleiner sein muss als die der Gene des Genoms. Beim 1-Punkt-Crossover gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=1}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d9ec7e1edc2e6d98f5aec2a39ae5f1c99d1e1425.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.656ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=1}" loading="lazy"></span>. Das Kindgenom wird dadurch gebildet, das abwechselnd die Gene des ersten und des zweiten Parentalgenoms bis zum jeweils nächsten Crossoverpunkt auf das Kindgenom kopiert werden.
</p><p>Als Beispiel soll ein 2-Punkt-Crossover dienen:
</p>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<td><i>Verfahren</i></td>
<td><i>Beispiel</i>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
<ul><li> Gegeben seien zwei binäre Zahlen. </li>
</ul>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{0}=\left(0,1,1,0,0,1,0\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{0}=\left(0,1,1,0,0,1,0\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/220679e4f76b9ab7e2f7efed7e788fb71014da30.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.795ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{0}=\left(0,1,1,0,0,1,0\right)}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{1}=\left(1,0,0,0,1,0,0\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{1}=\left(1,0,0,0,1,0,0\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a1d67345d2a47b368db729b6c09dbd577c5cbe97.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.795ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{1}=\left(1,0,0,0,1,0,0\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
<ul><li> Wähle nun zufällig zwei Indizes, an denen die Genome unterteilt werden. </li>
</ul>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s_{1}=3}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s_{1}=3}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47f92bc24ed8b2f2f5c6895aa57a2eb04f6a9b65.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.406ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s_{1}=3}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s_{2}=6}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s_{2}=6}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e378fbf665b93b2b80f82b35fab58ac4a8c1b59d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.406ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s_{2}=6}" loading="lazy"></span>,
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
<ul><li> Für das Kindgenom werden aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/398f438d75434e6fbf48dc232c1ad7228a738568.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.547ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> alle Stellen übernommen, die zwischen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eb8baad278d51283e0ef3c99898d583cf2c8a8fd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.145ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d4b9a7acc0ae8f54da4b7f4eef2c777d44faecd4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.145ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> liegen, während alle restlichen Stellen aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/671bd891701e0d6cfa6da0114a5dd64233b58709.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.547ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> übernommen werden. </li>
</ul>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{C}=\left(0,1,{\underline {0,0,1,0}},0\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>C</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<munder>
<mrow>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>_<!-- _ --></mo>
</munder>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{C}=\left(0,1,{\underline {0,0,1,0}},0\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65c8addf97fae6fb86d7f8ecce943ba9b52c5dba.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.964ex; margin-bottom: -0.874ex; width:22.545ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{C}=\left(0,1,{\underline {0,0,1,0}},0\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Ein ebenfalls häufig genutzter Operator ist das <i>Uniform Crossover</i>, bei dem für jedes Gen (hier jedes Bit) zufällig entschieden wird, von welchem Parentalgenom es stammen soll.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Je nach Ausgestaltung eines Rekombinationsoperators können auch die bei den vorgestellten drei Operatoren verbleibenden Genomstücke zu einem zweiten Kindgenom zusammengefügt werden. Dann erzeugt der so modifizierte Rekombinationsoperator zwei an Stelle von einem Nachkommen pro Ausführung.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rekombination_von_ganzzahligen_oder_reellwertigen_Genomen">Rekombination von ganzzahligen oder reellwertigen Genomen</h2></div>

<p>Für die oben vorgestellten und für die meisten anderen Rekombinationsoperatoren für Bitstrings gilt, dass sie auch auf ganzzahlige oder reellwertige Genome, deren Gene aus je einer ganzen oder reellwertigen Zahl bestehen, entsprechend angewandt werden können. Anstelle einzelner Bits werden dann einfach ganze oder reelle Zahlen in das Kindgenom kopiert. Die Nachkommen liegen auf den verbleibenden Ecken des durch die beiden Eltern aufgespannten Hyperkörpers. Nebenstehendes Bild zeigt dies beispielhaft für den dreidimensionalen Fall, bei dem die Nachkommen auf den Ecken des durch die beiden Eltern <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{1}=\left(1{,}5;6;8\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
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<mn>5</mn>
<mo>;</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
<mo>;</mo>
<mn>8</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{1}=\left(1{,}5;6;8\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c42b39fe4c52f6941023dc155fbe9592d50e5d10.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.042ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{1}=\left(1{,}5;6;8\right)}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{2}=\left(7;2;1\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>7</mn>
<mo>;</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>;</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{2}=\left(7;2;1\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ed21f39ecab829bb50ad278617066a623415772a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.232ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{2}=\left(7;2;1\right)}" loading="lazy"></span> aufgespannten Quaders liegen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diskrete_Rekombination">Diskrete Rekombination</h3></div>
<p>Wenn bei der Erzeugung des Nachkommen die Regeln des Uniform Crossover für Bitstrings angewandt werden, spricht man auch von <i>diskreter Rekombination</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5.2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1.2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intermediäre_Rekombination"><span id="Intermedi.C3.A4re_Rekombination"></span>Intermediäre Rekombination</h3></div>
<p>Bei diesem Rekombinationsoperator werden die <a href="Allel" title="Allel">Allelwerte</a> des Filialgenoms <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha _{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha _{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3b1fb627423abe4988b7ed88d4920bf1ec074790.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.287ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha _{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> durch Mischung aus den Allelen der beiden Parentalgenome <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha _{i,E_{1}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha _{i,E_{1}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/442c72a34d0127c75da19bfe14f70d6cebd008be.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.789ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha _{i,E_{1}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha _{i,E_{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha _{i,E_{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/012db3d372e113722dba1d6283f5c3c44979ede4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.789ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha _{i,E_{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span> erzeugt:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4.3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5.2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>

<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha _{i}=\alpha _{i,E_{1}}\cdot \beta _{i}+\alpha _{i,E_{2}}\cdot \left(1-\beta _{i}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha _{i}=\alpha _{i,E_{1}}\cdot \beta _{i}+\alpha _{i,E_{2}}\cdot \left(1-\beta _{i}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0074f1171152d85bc12ecad1fff784819d109336.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:31.206ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha _{i}=\alpha _{i,E_{1}}\cdot \beta _{i}+\alpha _{i,E_{2}}\cdot \left(1-\beta _{i}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span> &nbsp; &nbsp; mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta _{i}\in \left[-d,1+d\right]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta _{i}\in \left[-d,1+d\right]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a6356871423fe72865933dbe15a2eb61ff3eabb7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.526ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta _{i}\in \left[-d,1+d\right]}" loading="lazy"></span> jeweils zufällig gleichverteilt pro Gen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Wahl des Intervalls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left[-d,1+d\right]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left[-d,1+d\right]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/27dffee9667cb473371fce1eb716149000df65b2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.57ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left[-d,1+d\right]}" loading="lazy"></span> bewirkt die Einbeziehung des Inneren des durch die Allelwerte der Elterngene aufgespannten Hyperkörpers und einer gewissen Umgebung. Für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>d</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e85ff03cbe0c7341af6b982e47e9f90d235c66ab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.216ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d}" loading="lazy"></span> wird ein Wert von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0{,}25}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>25</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0{,}25}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0835f264711c272317f4f17421859e77d2728a36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.134ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0{,}25}" loading="lazy"></span> empfohlen, um der bei einem Wert von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2aae8864a3c1fec9585261791a809ddec1489950.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0}" loading="lazy"></span> sonst vorhandenen Tendenz zur Verkleinerung der Allelwerte entgegenzuwirken.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Nebenstehendes Bild zeigt beispielhaft für den zweidimensionalen Fall den grau dargestellten Wertebereich der möglichen neuen Allele der beiden Parentalgenome <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{1}=\left(2,6\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{1}=\left(2,6\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f6ba8579247586fd65a1f185c1a9b508bcb9c6b4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.036ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{1}=\left(2,6\right)}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{2}=\left(9,2\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>9</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{2}=\left(9,2\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/acedb3bd976f31ead4e4b1a2cbb6beb1aaa2bda9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.036ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{2}=\left(9,2\right)}" loading="lazy"></span> bei intermediärer Rekombination. Die möglichen Nachkommen der diskreten Rekombination <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>N</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/71b670ae74954b8aacd4d720d9b2b2081f6d3869.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.92ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>N</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/597ea9dac049261fdda77c5176b050e6588d6bb9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.92ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> sind ebenfalls eingezeichnet. Die intermediäre Rekombination erfüllt die nach der Theorie der <a href="Evolution%C3%A4rer_Algorithmus#Virtuelle_Alphabete" title="Evolutionärer Algorithmus">virtuellen Alphabete</a> geforderte arithmetische Berechnung der Allelwerte des Filialgenoms.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diskrete und intermediäre Rekombination finden bei der <a href="Evolution%C3%A4rer_Algorithmus#Evolutionsstrategien_(ES)" title="Evolutionärer Algorithmus">Evolutionsstrategie</a> standardmäßig Verwendung.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rekombination_von_Permutationen">Rekombination von Permutationen</h2></div>
<p>Für kombinatorische Aufgabenstellungen werden in der Regel <a href="Permutation" title="Permutation">Permutationen</a> verwendet, die speziell für Genome ausgelegt sind, die selbst Permutationen einer <a href="Menge_(Mathematik)" title="Menge (Mathematik)">Menge</a> sind. Die zu Grunde liegende Menge ist in der Regel eine Teilmenge von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {N} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {N} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fdf9a96b565ea202d0f4322e9195613fb26a9bed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {N} }" loading="lazy"></span> oder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {N} _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {N} _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/77ab7e98123f0def29a1cd3df96a0b7a58f4202c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.732ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {N} _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Wenn man für solche Genome 1- oder n-Punkt- oder Uniform Crossover für ganzzahlige Genome verwendet, kann es vorkommen, dass ein Filialgenom einige Werte doppelt enthält und andere fehlen. Dies kann durch <a href="Genotypische_und_ph%C3%A4notypische_Reparatur" title="Genotypische und phänotypische Reparatur">Reparaturmaßnahmen (<i>genetic repair</i>)</a> behoben werden, etwa indem man die überzähligen Gene (positionstreu) gegen fehlende aus dem anderen Filialgenom austauscht.
</p><p>Um die Erzeugung ungültiger Nachkommen zu vermeiden, wurden spezielle Crossover-Operatoren für Permutationen entwickelt, die die Grundvoraussetzung für Permutationen erfüllen, nämlich dass alle Elemente der ursprünglichen Permutation auch in der neuen vorhanden sind und nur die Reihenfolge geändert wird.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Man kann zwischen kombinatorischen Aufgaben, bei denen alle Folgen zulässig sind, und solchen, bei denen es Einschränkungen in Form von unzulässigen Teilfolgen gibt, unterscheiden. Ein bekannter Vertreter des ersten Aufgabentyps ist das <a href="Problem_des_Handlungsreisenden" title="Problem des Handlungsreisenden">Traveling-Salesman-Problem</a> (TSP), bei dem das Ziel darin besteht, eine Menge von Städten auf der kürzesten Tour genau einmal zu besuchen. Ein Beispiel für den eingeschränkten Aufgabentyp ist das <a href="Scheduling" title="Scheduling">Scheduling</a> von <a href="Arbeitsablauf" title="Arbeitsablauf">Workflows</a>. Bei Workflows gibt es für einige der einzelnen Arbeitsschritte Reihenfolgebeschränkungen. So kann z. B. ein Gewinde erst geschnitten werden, nachdem das entsprechende Loch in ein Werkstück gebohrt worden ist. Solche Probleme werden auch als reihenfolgebasierte Permutationen bezeichnet.
</p><p>Beispielhaft seien nachfolgend drei Operatoren vorgestellt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Position-based_Crossover">Position-based Crossover</h3></div>
<p>Das Position-based Crossover<sup id="cite_ref-:6_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und auch das nachfolgend vorgestellte Order Crossover geben die relative Reihenfolge der Elterngenome an das oder die Kinder weiter. Der Rekombinationsoperator wird anhand eines Beispiels erläutert:
</p>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<td><i>Verfahren</i></td>
<td><i>Beispiel</i>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
<ul><li> Gegeben seien 2 Permutationen derselben Menge </li>
</ul>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{0}=\left(A,B,C,D,E,F,G\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>D</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{0}=\left(A,B,C,D,E,F,G\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4e83a59864b69b09d8fe47c50b61be73da9629e1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.199ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{0}=\left(A,B,C,D,E,F,G\right)}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{1}=\left(E,{\underline {B}},G,A,{\underline {F}},D,{\underline {C}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<munder>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo>_<!-- _ --></mo>
</munder>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<munder>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>_<!-- _ --></mo>
</munder>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>D</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<munder>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo>_<!-- _ --></mo>
</munder>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{1}=\left(E,{\underline {B}},G,A,{\underline {F}},D,{\underline {C}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7a86d407a51a94d3de12e076538af25b380dd347.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.583ex; margin-bottom: -0.755ex; width:26.203ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{1}=\left(E,{\underline {B}},G,A,{\underline {F}},D,{\underline {C}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
<ul><li> sowie eine zufällige Auswahl, welche Stellen direkt von der ersten Permutation übernommen werden sollen. </li>
</ul>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S=\left(1,0,0,1,1,0,1\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S=\left(1,0,0,1,1,0,1\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/135bdc6bc430e432b46a7d0f8983fe6432d4d4ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.748ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S=\left(1,0,0,1,1,0,1\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
<ul><li> Als Kind-Permutation wird eine Permutation generiert, die überall dort von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/671bd891701e0d6cfa6da0114a5dd64233b58709.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.547ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> kopiert ist, wo <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}" loading="lazy"></span> eine <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/92d98b82a3778f043108d4e20960a9193df57cbf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1}" loading="lazy"></span> hat. </li>
</ul>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{C}=\left(A,?,?,D,E,?,G\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>C</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>?</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>?</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>D</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>?</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{C}=\left(A,?,?,D,E,?,G\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/91161257b99ede0d24e5edc35eb2f8f73000ba2a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.647ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{C}=\left(A,?,?,D,E,?,G\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
<ul><li> Die Stellen, die von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/671bd891701e0d6cfa6da0114a5dd64233b58709.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.547ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> nicht übernommen wurden, werden nun ebenfalls übernommen, aber in der Reihenfolge, wie sie in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/398f438d75434e6fbf48dc232c1ad7228a738568.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.547ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> vorkommen. </li>
</ul>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{\text{noch nicht übernommen}}=\left\{B,C,F\right\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>noch nicht übernommen</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>}</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{\text{noch nicht übernommen}}=\left\{B,C,F\right\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/56a3a1efb2b768c5f732aac2c245a7735e555a59.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.505ex; width:32.091ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{\text{noch nicht übernommen}}=\left\{B,C,F\right\}}" loading="lazy"></span>
<p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{{\text{in Reihenfolge von }}P_{1}}=\left(B,F,C\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>in Reihenfolge von&nbsp;</mtext>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>C</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{{\text{in Reihenfolge von }}P_{1}}=\left(B,F,C\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/60460efd98b795c09d1c13158963db8e88a11908.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:29.865ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{{\text{in Reihenfolge von }}P_{1}}=\left(B,F,C\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
<ul><li> Damit ergibt sich das fertige Kind-Genom. </li>
</ul>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{C}=\left(A,{\underline {B}},{\underline {F}},D,E,{\underline {C}},G\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>C</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<munder>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo>_<!-- _ --></mo>
</munder>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<munder>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>_<!-- _ --></mo>
</munder>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>D</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<munder>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo>_<!-- _ --></mo>
</munder>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{C}=\left(A,{\underline {B}},{\underline {F}},D,E,{\underline {C}},G\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e4bc3ad4dbcaaf7e194f6c143f74130236229b8d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.583ex; margin-bottom: -0.755ex; width:26.63ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{C}=\left(A,{\underline {B}},{\underline {F}},D,E,{\underline {C}},G\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Order_Crossover_(OX1)"><span id="Order_Crossover_.28OX1.29"></span>Order Crossover (OX1)</h3></div>
<p>Neben dem feingranularen Position-based Crossover gibt es noch das Order Crossover,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> das in größerem Maße mit zusammenhängenden Teilstücken der Genome arbeitet. Dazu werden Anzahl und Länge der Teilstücke ausgewürfelt und danach mit den entstandenen Gensequenzen ähnlich verfahren, wie zuvor beschrieben:
</p>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<td><i>Verfahren</i>
</td>
<td><i>Beispiel</i>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
<ul><li>Gegeben seien 2 Permutationen derselben Menge</li></ul>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{0}=\left(A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>D</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>J</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{0}=\left(A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/98632d63adcc10d710cae11de5d3b1059014b6a5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:34.007ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{0}=\left(A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J\right)}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{1}=\left(B,D,A,H,J,C,E,G,F,I\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>D</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>J</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{1}=\left(B,D,A,H,J,C,E,G,F,I\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d7257b92b3feee7e785da983d163602217de1733.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:34.007ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{1}=\left(B,D,A,H,J,C,E,G,F,I\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
<ul><li>sowie eine zufällige Auswahl von Genabschnitten in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/671bd891701e0d6cfa6da0114a5dd64233b58709.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.547ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Hier von Genposition 1 bis 2 und von 6 bis 8.</li></ul>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{0}=\left({\underline {A,B}},C,D,E,{\underline {F,G,H}},I,J\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<munder>
<mrow>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>_<!-- _ --></mo>
</munder>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>D</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<munder>
<mrow>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>_<!-- _ --></mo>
</munder>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>J</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{0}=\left({\underline {A,B}},C,D,E,{\underline {F,G,H}},I,J\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a0169c9bb16ea9d6f7304b0bcfdd68d4996d8f7a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.964ex; margin-bottom: -0.874ex; width:34.331ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{0}=\left({\underline {A,B}},C,D,E,{\underline {F,G,H}},I,J\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
<ul><li>Als Kind-Permutation wird eine Permutation generiert, die die ausgewählten Genabschnitte von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/671bd891701e0d6cfa6da0114a5dd64233b58709.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.547ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> positionstreu enthält.</li></ul>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{C}=\left(A,B,?,?,?,F,G,H,?,?\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>C</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>?</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>?</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>?</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>?</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>?</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{C}=\left(A,B,?,?,?,F,G,H,?,?\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aa1737bee86256c7b4ab7d062bc8995eee6e6859.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:31.812ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{C}=\left(A,B,?,?,?,F,G,H,?,?\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
<ul><li>Die Stellen, die von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/671bd891701e0d6cfa6da0114a5dd64233b58709.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.547ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> nicht übernommen wurden, werden nun ebenfalls übernommen, aber in der Reihenfolge, wie sie in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/398f438d75434e6fbf48dc232c1ad7228a738568.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.547ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> vorkommen.</li></ul>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{\text{noch nicht übernommen}}=\left\{C,D,E,I,J\right\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>noch nicht übernommen</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>D</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>J</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>}</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{\text{noch nicht übernommen}}=\left\{C,D,E,I,J\right\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/26167dd977c7969a24dc76efdef4ce77042d5f7f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.505ex; width:36.997ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{\text{noch nicht übernommen}}=\left\{C,D,E,I,J\right\}}" loading="lazy"></span>
<p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{{\text{in Reihenfolge von }}P_{1}}=\left(D,J,C,E,I\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>in Reihenfolge von&nbsp;</mtext>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>D</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>J</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{{\text{in Reihenfolge von }}P_{1}}=\left(D,J,C,E,I\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/df0235cb686c158efb53c1d44a63e8d6344aadfa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:34.771ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{{\text{in Reihenfolge von }}P_{1}}=\left(D,J,C,E,I\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
<ul><li>Damit ergibt sich das fertige Kind-Genom.</li></ul>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{C}=\left(A,B,{\underline {D,J,C}},F,G,H,{\underline {E,I}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>C</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<munder>
<mrow>
<mi>D</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>J</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>C</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>_<!-- _ --></mo>
</munder>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<munder>
<mrow>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>_<!-- _ --></mo>
</munder>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{C}=\left(A,B,{\underline {D,J,C}},F,G,H,{\underline {E,I}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/58013830864f6c123443e5d963ab6fa8d94d37ec.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.964ex; margin-bottom: -0.874ex; width:34.757ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{C}=\left(A,B,{\underline {D,J,C}},F,G,H,{\underline {E,I}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Das Order Crossover ist unter anderem gut für das Scheduling von Workflows geeignet, wenn es in Verbindung mit 1- und n-Punkt-Crossover eingesetzt wird.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In diesem Zusammenhang sei angemerkt, dass beide Operatoren nicht garantieren, dass eine Reihenfolgekorrektheit der Eltern weitervererbt wird. Dies ist jedoch kein Nachteil gegenüber anderen Operatoren, welche die Weitervererbung gewährleisten.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Man kann mit den vorgestellten Operatoren auch ein zweites (in gewisser Weise inverses) Kind erzeugen, indem man die Eltern vertauscht und das Verfahren ohne erneutes Auswürfeln erneut anwendet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edge-Rekombination">Edge-Rekombination</h3></div>
<p>Eine weitere Variante der Rekombination von Permutationen ist die Edge-Rekombination, bei der die Nachbarschaftsbeziehungen zwischen den Elementen der Elterngenome so gut wie möglich erhalten werden. Bei der Edge-2-Rekombination werden dabei Verbindungen bevorzugt, die in beiden Elterngenomen vorkommen. Die Edge-3- und Edge-4-Rekombination versuchen zusätzlich, durch Inversion der Genome noch zusätzliche Nachbarschaften auszunutzen, die bei der Edge-2-Rekombination verloren gingen. Dieses Verfahren ist besonders gut geeignet für kombinatorische Optimierungsprobleme wie das TSP.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5.3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weitere_Rekombinationsoperatoren_für_Permutationen"><span id="Weitere_Rekombinationsoperatoren_f.C3.BCr_Permutationen"></span>Weitere Rekombinationsoperatoren für Permutationen</h3></div>
<p>Im Laufe der Zeit wurde eine Vielzahl von Rekombinationsoperatoren für Permutationen vorgeschlagen, so dass die folgende Liste nur eine kleine Auswahl darstellt. Für weitere Informationen wird der Leser auf die Literatur verwiesen.<sup id="cite_ref-2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1.1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5.3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ol><li>Partially Mapped Crossover (PMX)<sup id="cite_ref-21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5.3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Cycle Crossover (CX)<sup id="cite_ref-21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5.3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Order-based Crossover (OX2)<sup id="cite_ref-:8_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Voting Recombination (VR)<sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Alternating-positions Crossover (AP)<sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Maximal Preservative Crossover (MPX)<sup id="cite_ref-:8_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Merge Crossover (MX)<sup id="cite_ref-:8_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rekombination_von_Bäumen"><span id="Rekombination_von_B.C3.A4umen"></span>Rekombination von Bäumen</h2></div>
<p>Die Rekombination von Bäumen ist speziell für Genome ausgelegt, die selbst <a href="Baum_(Graphentheorie)" title="Baum (Graphentheorie)">Bäume</a> sind.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Derartige Genome finden bei der <a href="Evolution%C3%A4rer_Algorithmus#Genetische_Programmierung_(GP)" title="Evolutionärer Algorithmus">genetischen Programmierung</a> Verwendung.
</p><p>Ein Beispiel für eine Rekombination von Bäumen ist folgendes Verfahren:
</p>
<ul><li>Gegeben seien zwei Eltern-Bäume (Eltern-Genome).</li>
<li>Wähle in jedem Eltern-Baum einen Teilbaum aus.</li>
<li>Vertausche diese zwei Teilbäume.</li></ul>
<p>Die zwei so neu entstandenen Bäume sind nun die zwei Kind-Genome.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Hartmut Pohlheim: <i>Evolutionäre Algorithmen. Verfahren, Operatoren und Hinweise für die Praxis.</i> Springer, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-540-66413-0.</li>
<li>Karsten Weicker: <i>Evolutionäre Algorithmen.</i> Teubner, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-519-00362-7.</li>
<li>A.E. Eiben, J.E. Smith: <cite style="font-style:italic">Introduction to Evolutionary Computing</cite> (=&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:italic">Natural Computing Series</cite>). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2015, ISBN 978-3-662-44873-1, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44874-8">10.1007/978-3-662-44874-8</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rekombination+%28evolution%C3%A4rer+Algorithmus%29&amp;rft.au=A.E.+Eiben%2C+J.E.+Smith&amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Evolutionary+Computing&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-662-44874-8&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783662448731&amp;rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.series=Natural+Computing+Series" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li><a href="Hans-Paul_Schwefel" title="Hans-Paul Schwefel">Hans-Paul Schwefel</a>: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220690578_Evolution_and_Optimum_Seeking">Evolution and Optimum Seeking</a></i>. Wiley &amp; Sons, New York 1995, ISBN 0-471-57148-2.</li>
<li>Keshav P. Dahal, Kay Chen Tan, Peter I. Cowling (Hrsg.): <i>Evolutionary Scheduling</i>. Studies in Computational Intelligence, Bd. 49, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2007. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48584-1" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1007/978-3-540-48584-1">doi:10.1007/978-3-540-48584-1</a>, ISBN 978-3-642-08017-3</li>
<li>Amir H. Gandomi, Ali Emrouznejad, Mo M. Jamshidi, Kalyanmoy Deb, Iman Rahimi (Hrsg.): <i>Evolutionary Computation in Scheduling</i>. John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2020. ISBN 978-1-119-57387-6</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ </span> <span class="reference-text">Hartmut Pohlheim: <cite style="font-style:italic">Evolutionäre Algorithmen</cite>. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2000, ISBN 3-642-63052-9, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57137-4">10.1007/978-3-642-57137-4</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rekombination+%28evolution%C3%A4rer+Algorithmus%29&amp;rft.au=Hartmut+Pohlheim&amp;rft.btitle=Evolution%C3%A4re+Algorithmen&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-642-57137-4&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=3642630529&amp;rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&amp;rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
<ol class="mw-subreference-list"><li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-2">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-2-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Rekombination, S. 34–45</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Diskrete Rekombination, S. 35</span>
</li>
</ol></li>
<li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence Davis: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Handbook of Genetic Algorithms</cite>. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York 1991, ISBN 0-442-00173-8 (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rekombination+%28evolution%C3%A4rer+Algorithmus%29&amp;rft.au=Lawrence+Davis&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Genetic+Algorithms&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0442001738&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Van+Nostrand+Reinhold" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lashon B. Booker, David B. Fogel, Darrell Whitley, Peter J. Angeline, A.E. Eiben: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Recombination</cite>. In: Thomas Bäck, David B. Fogel, Zbigniew Michalewicz (Hrsg.): <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Evolutionary computation</cite>. Vol. 1: Basic algorithms and operators. Institute of Physics Pub, Bristol 2000, ISBN 0-585-30560-9, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>256–307</span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rekombination+%28evolution%C3%A4rer+Algorithmus%29&amp;rft.atitle=Recombination&amp;rft.au=Lashon+B.+Booker%2C+David+B.+Fogel%2C+Darrell+Whitley%2C+...&amp;rft.btitle=Evolutionary+computation&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0585305609&amp;rft.pages=256-307&amp;rft.place=Bristol&amp;rft.pub=Institute+of+Physics+Pub&amp;rft.volume=Vol.+1%3A+Basic+algorithms+and+operators" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ </span> <span class="reference-text">Xinjie Yu, Mitsuo Gen: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Introduction to Evolutionary Algorithms</cite> (=&nbsp;<cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Decision Engineering</cite>). Springer, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-84996-128-8, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-129-5">10.1007/978-1-84996-129-5</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rekombination+%28evolution%C3%A4rer+Algorithmus%29&amp;rft.au=Xinjie+Yu%2C+Mitsuo+Gen&amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Evolutionary+Algorithms&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-1-84996-129-5&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9781849961288&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.series=Decision+Engineering" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
<ol class="mw-subreference-list"><li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Representation, Mutation, and Recombination, S. 40–63</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Variation Operators for Permutation Code, S. 285–299</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Real Code and Related Operators, S. 45–63</span>
</li>
</ol></li>
<li><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ </span> <span class="reference-text">A.E. Eiben, J.E. Smith: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Introduction to Evolutionary Computing</cite> (=&nbsp;<cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Natural Computing Series</cite>). 2. Auflage. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2015, ISBN 978-3-662-44873-1, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44874-8">10.1007/978-3-662-44874-8</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rekombination+%28evolution%C3%A4rer+Algorithmus%29&amp;rft.au=A.E.+Eiben%2C+J.E.+Smith&amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Evolutionary+Computing&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-662-44874-8&amp;rft.edition=2.&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783662448731&amp;rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.series=Natural+Computing+Series" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
<ol class="mw-subreference-list"><li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Representation, Mutation, and Recombination, S. 49–78</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-11">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-11-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Recombination Operators for Real-Valued Representation, S. 56–67</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-21">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-21-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-21-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-21-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Recombination for Permutation Representation, S. 70–74</span>
</li>
</ol></li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilbert Syswerda: <cite style="font-style:italic">Uniform Crossover in Genetic Algorithms</cite>. In: David Schaffer (Hrsg.): <cite style="font-style:italic">Proc. of Int. Conf. on Genetic Algorithms (3rd ICGA)</cite>. Morgan Kaufman Publishers Inc., 1989, ISBN 1-55860-066-3, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>2–9</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rekombination+%28evolution%C3%A4rer+Algorithmus%29&amp;rft.atitle=Uniform+Crossover+in+Genetic+Algorithms&amp;rft.au=Gilbert+Syswerda&amp;rft.btitle=Proc.+of+Int.+Conf.+on+Genetic+Algorithms+%283rd+ICGA%29&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=1558600663&amp;rft.pages=2-9&amp;rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufman+Publishers+Inc." style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heinz Mühlenbein, Dirk Schlierkamp-Voosen: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Predictive Models for the Breeder Genetic Algorithm I. Continuous Parameter Optimization</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Evolutionary Computation</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>1</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>1</span>, März 1993, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221063-6560%22&amp;key=cql">1063-6560</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>25–49</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162/evco.1993.1.1.25">10.1162/evco.1993.1.1.25</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rekombination+%28evolution%C3%A4rer+Algorithmus%29&amp;rft.atitle=Predictive+Models+for+the+Breeder+Genetic+Algorithm+I.+Continuous+Parameter+Optimization&amp;rft.au=Heinz+M%C3%BChlenbein%2C+Dirk+Schlierkamp-Voosen&amp;rft.date=1993-03&amp;rft.doi=10.1162%2Fevco.1993.1.1.25&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issn=1063-6560&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Computation&amp;rft.pages=25-49&amp;rft.volume=1" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Goldberg: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Real-coded Genetic Algorithms, Virtual Alphabets, and Blocking</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Complex Systems</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>5</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>2</span>, 1991, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>139–167</span> (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.complex-systems.com/abstracts/v05_i02_a02/">complex-systems.com</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rekombination+%28evolution%C3%A4rer+Algorithmus%29&amp;rft.atitle=Real-coded+Genetic+Algorithms%2C+Virtual+Alphabets%2C+and+Blocking&amp;rft.au=David+Goldberg&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Complex+Systems&amp;rft.pages=139-167&amp;rft.volume=5" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans-Paul Schwefel: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Evolution and optimum seeking</cite>. Wiley, New York 1995, ISBN 0-471-57148-2 (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ls11-www.cs.tu-dortmund.de/lehre/wiley/">tu-dortmund.de</a> [abgerufen am 6.&nbsp;März 2023]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rekombination+%28evolution%C3%A4rer+Algorithmus%29&amp;rft.au=Hans-Paul+Schwefel&amp;rft.btitle=Evolution+and+optimum+seeking&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0471571482&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Wiley" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:5-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:5_17-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:5_17-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:5_17-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:5_17-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Larrañaga, C.M.H. Kuijpers, R.H. Murga, I. Inza, S. Dizdarevic: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Genetic Algorithms for the Travelling Salesman Problem: A Review of Representations and Operators</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Artificial Intelligence Review</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>13</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>2</span>, 1999, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>129–170</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023/A%3A1006529012972">10.1023/A:1006529012972</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rekombination+%28evolution%C3%A4rer+Algorithmus%29&amp;rft.atitle=Genetic+Algorithms+for+the+Travelling+Salesman+Problem%3A+A+Review+of+Representations+and+Operators&amp;rft.au=P.+Larra%C3%B1aga%2C+C.M.H.+Kuijpers%2C+R.H.+Murga%2C+...&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.doi=10.1023%2FA%3A1006529012972&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Artificial+Intelligence+Review&amp;rft.pages=129-170&amp;rft.volume=13" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:6-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:6_18-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:6_18-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilbert Syswerda: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Schedule Optimization Using Genetic Algorithms</cite>. In: Lawrence Davis (Hrsg.): <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Handbook of Genetic Algorithms</cite>. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York 1991, ISBN 0-442-00173-8, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>332–349</span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rekombination+%28evolution%C3%A4rer+Algorithmus%29&amp;rft.atitle=Schedule+Optimization+Using+Genetic+Algorithms&amp;rft.au=Gilbert+Syswerda&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Genetic+Algorithms&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0442001738&amp;rft.pages=332-349&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Van+Nostrand+Reinhold" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilfried Jakob, Alexander Quinte, Karl-Uwe Stucky, Wolfgang Süß: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Fast Multi-objective Scheduling of Jobs to Constrained Resources Using a Hybrid Evolutionary Algorithm</cite>. In: Günter Rudolph (Hrsg.): <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Parallel Problem Solving from Nature – PPSN X</cite>. LNCS, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>5199</span>. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-540-87699-1, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>1031–1040</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87700-4_102">10.1007/978-3-540-87700-4_102</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rekombination+%28evolution%C3%A4rer+Algorithmus%29&amp;rft.atitle=Fast+Multi-objective+Scheduling+of+Jobs+to+Constrained+Resources+Using+a+Hybrid+Evolutionary+Algorithm&amp;rft.au=Wilfried+Jakob%2C+Alexander+Quinte%2C+Karl-Uwe+Stucky%2C+...&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-540-87700-4_102&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.isbn=9783540876991&amp;rft.issue=5199&amp;rft.jtitle=Parallel+Problem+Solving+from+Nature+-+PPSN+X&amp;rft.pages=1031-1040&amp;rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.volume=LNCS" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Darrell Whitley, Timothy Starkweather, Daniel Shaner: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">The Traveling Salesman and Sequence Scheduling: Quality Solutions Using Genetic Edge Recombination</cite>. In: Lawrence Davis (Hrsg.): <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Handbook of Genetic Algorithms</cite>. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York 1991 (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.18.8193&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf">psu.edu</a> [PDF]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rekombination+%28evolution%C3%A4rer+Algorithmus%29&amp;rft.atitle=The+Traveling+Salesman+and+Sequence+Scheduling%3A+Quality+Solutions+Using+Genetic+Edge+Recombination&amp;rft.au=Darrell+Whitley%2C+Timothy+Starkweather%2C+Daniel+Shaner&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Genetic+Algorithms&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Van+Nostrand+Reinhold" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:8-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:8_22-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:8_22-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:8_22-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:8_22-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Darrell Whitley: <cite style="font-style:italic">Permutations</cite>. In: Thomas Bäck, David B. Fogel, Zbigniew Michalewicz (Hrsg.): <cite style="font-style:italic">Evolutionary computation</cite>. Vol. 1: Basic algorithms and operators. Institute of Physics Pub, Bristol 2000, ISBN 0-585-30560-9, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>274–283</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rekombination+%28evolution%C3%A4rer+Algorithmus%29&amp;rft.atitle=Permutations&amp;rft.au=Darrell+Whitley&amp;rft.btitle=Evolutionary+computation&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0585305609&amp;rft.pages=274-283&amp;rft.place=Bristol&amp;rft.pub=Institute+of+Physics+Pub&amp;rft.volume=Vol.+1%3A+Basic+algorithms+and+operators" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">David E. Goldberg, R. Lingle: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Alleles, loci, and the traveling salesman problem</cite>. In: John J. Grefenstette (Hrsg.): <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Proceedings of the First International Conference on Genetic Algorithms and Their Applications</cite>. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, N.J. 1985, ISBN 0-8058-0426-9, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>154–159</span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rekombination+%28evolution%C3%A4rer+Algorithmus%29&amp;rft.atitle=Alleles%2C+loci%2C+and+the+traveling+salesman+problem&amp;rft.au=David+E.+Goldberg%2C+R.+Lingle&amp;rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+First+International+Conference+on+Genetic+Algorithms+and+Their+Applications&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0805804269&amp;rft.pages=154-159&amp;rft.place=Hillsdale%2C+N.J.&amp;rft.pub=Lawrence+Erlbaum+Associates" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">I.M. Oliver, D.J. Smith, J. Holland: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">A study of permutation crossover operators on the travelling salesman problem</cite>. In: John J. Grefenstette (Hrsg.): <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Proceedings of the second International Conference on Genetic Algorithms</cite>. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, N.J. 1987, ISBN 0-8058-0158-8, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>224–230</span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rekombination+%28evolution%C3%A4rer+Algorithmus%29&amp;rft.atitle=A+study+of+permutation+crossover+operators+on+the+travelling+salesman+problem&amp;rft.au=I.M.+Oliver%2C+D.J.+Smith%2C+J.+Holland&amp;rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+second+International+Conference+on+Genetic+Algorithms&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0805801588&amp;rft.pages=224-230&amp;rft.place=Hillsdale%2C+N.J.&amp;rft.pub=Lawrence+Erlbaum+Associates" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Dzubera, Darrell Whitley: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Advanced correlation analysis of operators for the traveling salesman problem</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Parallel Problem Solving from Nature — PPSN III</cite>. LNCS 866. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1994, ISBN 3-540-58484-6, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>68–77</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-58484-6_251">10.1007/3-540-58484-6_251</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rekombination+%28evolution%C3%A4rer+Algorithmus%29&amp;rft.atitle=Advanced+correlation+analysis+of+operators+for+the+traveling+salesman+problem&amp;rft.au=John+Dzubera%2C+Darrell+Whitley&amp;rft.btitle=Parallel+Problem+Solving+from+Nature+%E2%80%94+PPSN+III&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.doi=10.1007%2F3-540-58484-6_251&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=3540584846&amp;rft.pages=68-77&amp;rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.volume=LNCS+866" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joe L. Blanton, Roger L. Wainwright: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Multiple Vehicle Routing with Time and Capacity Constraints Using Genetic Algorithm</cite>. In: Stephanie Forrest (Hrsg.): <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Genetic Algorithms</cite>. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Mateo, Calif. 1993, ISBN 1-55860-299-2, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>452–459</span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rekombination+%28evolution%C3%A4rer+Algorithmus%29&amp;rft.atitle=Multiple+Vehicle+Routing+with+Time+and+Capacity+Constraints+Using+Genetic+Algorithm&amp;rft.au=Joe+L.+Blanton%2C+Roger+L.+Wainwright&amp;rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Fifth+International+Conference+on+Genetic+Algorithms&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=1558602992&amp;rft.pages=452-459&amp;rft.place=San+Mateo%2C+Calif.&amp;rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann+Publishers" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Karsten Weicker: <cite style="font-style:italic">Evolutionäre Algorithmen</cite>. Teubner, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-519-00362-7, Genetisches Programmieren, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>147–156</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abookitem&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rekombination+%28evolution%C3%A4rer+Algorithmus%29&amp;rft.atitle=Genetisches+Programmieren&amp;rft.au=Karsten+Weicker&amp;rft.btitle=Evolution%C3%A4re+Algorithmen&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=3519003627&amp;rft.pages=147-156&amp;rft.place=Stuttgart&amp;rft.pub=Teubner" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter J. Angeline: <cite style="font-style:italic">Crossover: parse trees</cite>. In: David B. Fogel, Thomas Bäck, Zbigniew Michalewicz (Hrsg.): <cite style="font-style:italic">Evolutionary computation</cite>. Vol. 1: Basic algorithms and operators. Institute of Physics Pub, Bristol 2000, ISBN 0-585-30560-9, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>286–289</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rekombination+%28evolution%C3%A4rer+Algorithmus%29&amp;rft.atitle=Crossover%3A+parse+trees&amp;rft.au=Peter+J.+Angeline&amp;rft.btitle=Evolutionary+computation&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0585305609&amp;rft.pages=286-289&amp;rft.place=Bristol&amp;rft.pub=Institute+of+Physics+Pub&amp;rft.volume=Vol.+1%3A+Basic+algorithms+and+operators" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
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